![]() ![]() This rapid mutation and evolution is evident not only within the bee population as a whole, but even within a single hive, or within a single bee! Scientists use the term “virus swarm” to recognize the great variability within any bee virus species, and apply the descriptive term “quasispecies” when speaking of a particular virus (Lauring 2010). All the bee RNA viruses are noted for their mutability and existence in multiple, constantly evolving forms. The honey bee is always poised to adapt to whatever Nature throws at her! Viral QuasispeciesĪnd what Nature throws at bees are a mess of ever-shifting RNA viruses. This great genetic diversity within the colony ensures that there are plenty of alleles (gene variations) present in a natural population to allow rapid adaptation (Pritchard 2010). They exhibit the highest genetic recombination rate (of germ cells) of any know animal (Beye 2006), and queens go to great trouble to ensure that they mate with as wide a diversity of drones as possible. Honey bees are masters (or is that mistresses?) of adaptability. Like Danny DeVito explained in the film “Other People’s Money,” no matter how exquisite and perfect the now outdated buggy whip, it will be abandoned if it can no longer compete in the “marketplace” of nature. Look at it from a Zen perspective-it just happens, and no telling where it will go! Whatever beats the competition is favored everything else is cast by the wayside without regret or empathy. To understand the process of evolution, one must first disabuse himself of any misconception that evolution has any plan, goal, or rules of fairness. Let’s return to the discussion… Bee/Virus Coevolution Just as the successful beekeeper these days must understand varroa biology, it helps greatly to understand virus biology, which is why I’ve been going into such great detail on the subject. I feel that it’s time for a paradigm shift in the way that we look at bee health issues! Understanding Viruses Mite management should be considered as only one facet in the overall context of virus management. However, it’s not varroa that actually kills colonies rather, it is the bee viruses, which is why I’ve been belaboring the subject. Beekeeping success these days is largely dependent upon managing the mite level in your hives. ![]() First published in American Bee Journal April 2011īee health issues completely changed with the invasion of the varroa mite. Sick Bees-Part 8 Time for a Paradigm Shift! Implications of this study point to ways in which school administrators and online learning vendors can better support both parents and students with disabilities: clarify parent and teacher roles understand the essential attributes needed for success in a fully online environment realize the demands placed upon parents and their children with disabilities, including the need for frequent home-school communication and require training to ensure that parents have skills needed to participate in their children's education via this online medium.The Seasonal Progression of Virus Infections. In addition, parents discussed several barriers to their ability to participate in their children's fully online learning experience. On the basis of this new teacher role comes a greater need for increased parent-teacher communication regarding their children's learning as well as greater parent time commitments. In particular, parents take on the role of teacher. Results suggest that with the growth in K-12 fully online learning experiences, the parent (or adult member) in students' households takes on added responsibilities for the child with disabilities to participate in schooling. This study, conducted by researchers at the Center on Online Learning and Students With Disabilities, investigated parent perceptions and experiences regarding fully online learning for their children with disabilities.
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